Muon <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:math>, long-range muon spin force, and neutrino oscillations

Recent studies have proposed using a geocentric muon spin force to account for the <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mrow><a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo><a:mi>g</a:mi><a:mo>−</a:mo><a:mn>2</a:mn><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo></a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mi>μ</a:mi></a:mrow></a:msub></a:mrow></a:math> anomaly, with the long-range force mediator being a light axionlike particle. The mediator exhibits a <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><e:mi>C</e:mi><e:mi>P</e:mi></e:math>-violating scalar coupling to nucleons and a normal derivative coupling to muons. Due to the weak symmetry, this axion inevitably couples to neutrinos, providing potential impact on neutrino oscillations. By utilizing neutrino data from BOREXINO, IceCube DeepCore, Super-Kamiokande, and SNO, we have identified that both atmospheric and solar neutrino data can impose stringent constraints on the long-range muon spin force model and the <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:mo stretchy="false">(</g:mo><g:mi>g</g:mi><g:mo>−</g:mo><g:mn>2</g:mn><g:msub><g:mo stretchy="false">)</g:mo><g:mi>μ</g:mi></g:msub></g:math> parameter space. With optimized data analysis techniques and the potential from future experiments, such as JUNO, Hyper-Kamiokande, <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><k:mrow><k:mi>SNO</k:mi><k:mo>+</k:mo></k:mrow></k:math>, and IceCube PINGU, there exists a promising opportunity to achieve even greater sensitivities. Indeed, neutrino oscillations offer a robust and distinctive cross-check for the model, offering stringent constraints on the <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo><m:mi>g</m:mi><m:mo>−</m:mo><m:mn>2</m:mn><m:msub><m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo><m:mi>μ</m:mi></m:msub></m:math> parameter space. Published by the American Physical Society 2024