Analysis of bi-directional functionally graded plate on an elastic foundation subjected to low velocity impact using the refined plate theory

This study investigates the mechanical response of a bi-directional functionally graded plate consisting of three distinct materials when subjected to low-velocity impact. Utilizing the New Refined Plate Theory, the research explores the mechanical behavior of the plate resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation, providing insights useful for engineering applications. The investigation examines various parameters, including initial impact velocity, projectile radius, volume fraction indices, and elastic foundation stiffness, and their effects on critical response characteristics such as contact force, indentation, lateral deflection, and projectile velocity. The theoretical predictions are validated through detailed comparisons with existing literature and numerical simulations, ensuring the reliability and applicability of the proposed methodology. This study introduces a novel approach using refined plate theory to analyze low-velocity impact on 2D-FGMs, providing practical insights for structural analysis. The findings deepen understanding of functionally graded materials and enhance the evaluation of impact-resistant structures. The research highlights the importance of diverse parameters in improving structural performance and reliability, relevant across aerospace, civil, and mechanical engineering. Detailed exploration shows that initial impact velocities and projectile radius enhance impact force and deflection, while volume fraction indices and foundation stiffness influence the dynamic response.