Investigating Bambara bean (Vigna subterranea (Verdc.) L.) protein and hydrolysates: a comprehensive analysis of biological and biochemical properties

• Bambara bean is an important crop in Africa and beyond; • The seed protein contain all essential amino acids and fulfil the FAO requirements; • Protein extraction from the seed is adequately optimized; • Bambara bean proteins contain encrypted peptides with bioactive properties; • Bambara bean hydrolysates could find application as functional foods. Bambara bean ( Vigna subterranea ), also known as the underground bean, is a leguminous crop indigenous to Africa, celebrated for its high nutritional value, particularly its protein content. This comprehensive review delves into the biological and biochemical properties of Bambara groundnut protein and its hydrolysates, highlighting their extensive applications in the food industry, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The review underscores the exceptional functional qualities, nutritional advantages, and bioactive properties of these proteins and hydrolysates. Bambara groundnut protein hydrolysates (BPHs) are identified as potential sources of antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory peptides, with structural features contributing to their bioactivity. The balanced amino acid composition, functional versatility, and bioactive peptide content of Bambara groundnut proteins underscore their significance in promoting human health and well-being. This review also synthesizes current research findings and identifies gaps in the literature, providing a foundation for future studies. Key areas for further investigation include the traditional and novel techniques for protein extraction, the optimization of hydrolysis processes to enhance bioactive peptide yield, the exploration of novel applications in pharmaceuticals, and the development of sustainable cultivation practices to ensure the long-term availability of this valuable crop. These insights aim to inspire future research and innovation, advancing the utilization of Bambara groundnut proteins in various domains.