Antibiotics pollutants in agricultural soil: Kinetic, sorption, and thermodynamic of ciprofloxacin

The entry of antibiotics, as pollutants, into the environment has created great concerns. Environmental dynamics of antibiotics based on soil chemical properties need to be a better understanding of their chemical behavior. This research is focused on studying the adsorption behavior and kinetic mechanisms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in an agricultural soil. For this purpose, a batch experiment was conducted at different times (5 min-24 h), and using initial concentrations of CIP (0-1 mmol L^-1) in the soil. The adsorption processes as affected by pH and ionic strength were assessed based on the modeling with response surface methodology (RSM). According to the results, the sorption equilibrium was found within 240 min, and the pseudo second-order model was the best for describing the data. Increasing the initial CIP concentration increased CIP adsorption, but increases in ionic strength and pH had an inverse effect. Based on RSM modeling, the CIP adsorption was 7.31 and 7.03 (mg g^-1) in the presence of NaCl and CaCl₂ electrolytes, respectively, in the optimized conditions (pH 6.5 and ionic strength 0.01 mol L^-1). The spontaneous nature of CIP adsorption was determined based on thermodynamic calculations (ΔG° = -10.8 to -12.4 kJ mol^-1). The interaction of pH and ionic strength was described with the quadratic model. The obtained results contribute to understanding the CIP fate in the soil environment and facilitate decisions regarding entry and controlling soil contamination due to this antibiotic.