Ovarian clear cell carcinoma: research progress in oncogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies

Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary exhibits distinct biological characteristics and clinical behaviors. Compared to other epithelial ovarian tumors, there are notable geographical and racial variations in its incidence. Patients diagnosed with clear cell carcinoma are typically younger, often presenting at an early disease stage, and frequently have a history of endometriosis. The most prevalent and consequential genetic mutations associated with clear cell carcinoma involve the AT-rich interactive domain 1A and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha. Studies in gene expression profiling have revealed an upregulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β and genes related to oxidative stress. Furthermore, these studies have delineated distinct tumor subgroups characterized as epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like. While the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in clear cell carcinoma remains somewhat ambiguous, it remains the cornerstone of initial treatment. Patients with early-stage disease generally experience favorable clinical outcomes. Conversely, those with advanced-stage or recurrent disease face a poor prognosis. Active exploration into the molecular mechanisms underlying this carcinoma and the development of alternative treatment strategies is imperative to enhance patient outcomes. Targeted therapies based on molecular profiles show promise in this endeavor.