Optimisation methods for programming CNC machine tools

This paper presents some important methods of optimisation of CNC programming which covers algorithms of feed changes along the path of tool movement, the concept of feature-based recognition machining (FBM), numerical simulation (FEM/FEA), advanced virtual modelling of machining systems, real-time process simulations with the use of digital twins (DTs) and intelligent control strategies based on the STEP-NC standards.Selected examples of practical industrial applications are overviewed and future development trends are discussed.