Cultivating Academic Innovation Talents in Universities: The Impact of “Up-Or-Out” Employment System

The “up-or-out” system is an employment model widely practiced in universities. It involves the establishment of postdoctoral or full-time research positions, regular evaluations of non-permanent faculty, and the selection of outstanding innovative talents. Originating from the innovative practices of the American university tenure system, this model provides incentives for scientific spirit and academic innovation, complementing the tenure track. However, this system presents challenges in practice, such as survival pressure for new teachers, career anxiety, re-employment difficulties, and impacts on the long-term development of innovation capabilities. Solutions lie in innovating the evaluation models, emphasizing humanistic care, and fully respecting teachers’ rights. The system should serve as a means to enhance academic competitiveness rather than undermine the dignity of educators. Only in this way can the “up-or-out” system truly play a positive role in promoting academic progress and innovation.