Evaluating synthetic fuel production: A case study on the influence of electricity and CO2 price variations

To combat climate change, we need to reduce emissions from the transport sector. Synthetic fuels are a long-term solution for aviation, maritime and heavy machinery. Large-scale use requires cost-effectiveness, efficient production and resilience to price changes. In this case study, we simultaneously optimize the cell voltage of the solid oxide electrolysis cell, the heat exchanger network and the heat supply of a PtL-plant. PtL-efficiency and production costs are used as objectives to generate multiple Pareto fronts for future price scenarios. The results show that the sensitivity to price changes has different impacts on design and operating parameters, which can lead to unattractive solution domains in the Pareto front. Currently, synthetic fuels can be produced at 1.83–2.36 €/kg. In the best case, at 1.42–1.97 €/kg and 3.88–4.28 €/kg in the worst case. This paper supports decision-makers in planning PtL-plants to ensure sustainable synthetic fuel availability on a global scale.