Multi-stage experiments in Bronze Age spear combat: insights on wear formation, trauma, and combat contexts

This paper presents and discusses an experimental investigation of Bronze Age spear combat, with a focus on the impacts of bronze points against each other and other materials such as wooden shafts and shields, and animal tissues which act as a proxy for the human body. A replicable methodology comprising of a series of interconnected experiments gradually shifting the ratio between control and actualism is presented. The results offer fresh insights into prehistoric combat dynamics and the relationship between combat style, contact material, and the formation of wear traces. A comprehensive account of the morphology and formation dynamics of the damage inflicted on weapons, skin, and bone is provided, supported by detailed photographic documentation. The experimental design permitted to assess the frequency and type of collisions that would occur in actual spear combat. Furthermore, the development and modification of wear traces over time was also observed for the first time on spear points. The tests provided further insights into the level of training and skill required to execute specific movements with different combat objectives. Potential indicators for spear use in various combat contexts, such as fighting against multiple opponents versus more controlled encounters like duels, have been identified. The wear traces produced experimentally find convincing comparisons in the archaeological record. In conclusion, the results contribute to a more detailed understanding of Bronze Age armed encounters and provide robust guidance for interpreting combat marks on archaeological copper alloy weapons and on bones. • A modular experimental framework for investigating (spear) combat is presented. • Bronze Age spears were suitable for inflicting a wide range of injuries. • (Trans)formation of combat wear traces over time is investigated for the first time. • Skill and combat context can affect type and frequency of wear trace formation. • Traces produced experimentally closely match those on Bronze Age spears.