The Q for immune evasion in HCC: ER stress in myeloid cells

Figure 1 A glutamine metabolism-ER stress-immune evasion axis in HCC.In HCC, metabolic competition with tumour cells leads to glutamine/Q shortage in myeloid cells.Q shortage induces ER stress in myeloid cells and increases the expression of the vitamin B 3 receptor GPR109A.GPR109A activation results in immunosuppressive polarisation and additional recruitment of myeloid cells.Subsequently, antitumour CD8+ T-cell immunity is impaired.ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.