Towards Safe Mid-Air Drone Interception: Strategies for Tracking & Capture

A unique approach for mid-air autonomous aerial interception of non-cooperating Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles by a flying robot equipped with a net is presented in this paper. A novel interception guidance method dubbed Fast Response Proportional Navigation (FRPN) is proposed, designed to catch agile maneuvering targets while relying on onboard state estimation and tracking. The proposed method is compared with state-of-the-art approaches in simulations using <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$100$</tex-math></inline-formula> different trajectories of the target with varying complexity comprising almost <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{14} \,\text{h}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of flight data, and Fast Response Proportional Navigation (FRPN) demonstrates the shortest response time and the highest number of interceptions, which are key parameters of agile interception. To enable a robust transfer from theory and simulation to a real-world implementation, we aim to avoid overfitting to specific assumptions about the target, and to tackle interception of a target following an unknown general trajectory. Furthermore, we identify several often overlooked problems related to tracking and estimation of the target's state that can have a significant influence on the overall performance of the system. We propose the use of a novel state estimation filter based on the Interacting Multiple Model filter and a new measurement model. Simulated experiments show that the proposed solution provides significant improvements in estimation accuracy over the commonly employed Kalman Filter approaches when considering general trajectories. Based on these results, we employ the proposed filtering and guidance methods to implement a complete autonomous interception system, which is thoroughly evaluated in realistic simulations and tested in real-world experiments with a maneuvering target going far beyond the performance of any state-of-the-art solution.