Structural analysis and evolution of large Venusian coronae: Insights from low-angle faults at coronae rims

We analyzed topography, fracture patterns, and faults of the asymmetric Atahensik Corona (700 × 900 km diameter), formerly known as Latona Corona, and their surrounding troughs using Magellan SAR imagery, and compare the results with the smaller, ovoid Didilia (400 × 450 km diameter) and Pavlova coronae (550 × 650 km diameter) to get insights on corona formation on Venus. Atahensik contains a high density of radial, oblique, and concentric fractures, the latter are inferred to be the youngest fractures. A high density of concentric fractures particularly occurs along the outer rise and indicates elastic downward bending of this part of the lithosphere in the later stage of corona formation. Along the steep inner slopes of Atahensik's arcuate troughs, large-scale faults are exposed that dip gently towards the corona center and crosscut all fractures. We propose that these low-angle faults were initially formed as thrust planes but subsequently became reactivated as low-angle normal faults, thereby exposing parts of their fault surfaces. Such faults have been identified not only along the arcuate troughs of Atahensik but also occur in Dali Chasma, northwest of Atahensik Corona. A phenomenological formation model of large coronae is presented: corona initiation starts with radial fracturing, which is caused by the dike emplacement and thermal uplift of the corona center due to the rise of a hot asthenospheric mantle plume. Uplift and lateral plume spreading steepen the outer rim of the uplift and cause intense radial fracturing of a central volcanic edifice and the corona's outer rim. This intermediate stage is preserved in several less-evolved coronae such as Didilia and Pavlova Coronae. The fractured ridge thrusts outward onto an intact and cooler lithosphere along strongly localized thrust planes. The overthrusted, cooler lithosphere is elastically bent downward and forms arcuate troughs and associated outer rises with numerous concentric fractures along their crest line. The fractured ridge annulus of the corona is supported by the intact and thickened lithosphere surrounding the corona. The present morphology of Atahensik Corona indicates subsequent subsidence in its central part due to declining plume activity and reduced thermal buoyancy. Reactivation of the thrusts as low-angle normal faults results from the subsidence of the corona interior, a gravitational instability of the elevated corona annulus, and a lack of shortening. The evolutionary sequence derived on the basis of structural data is in agreement with geodynamic models on corona formation involving a bending lithosphere at the plume margin. • Low-angle faults initiated as thrusts and reactivated as normal faults were found in the periphery of a large Venusian corona. • The multiple generations of fractures formed in and around Atahensik Corona are put in a sequential order. • Based on SAR data a phenomenological model for the formation of large coronae with circumferential troughs is presented.