In Vitro Synthetic Polyploidization in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Enhanced Phytochemical Efficacy—A Mini-Review

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are well known for their valuable secondary metabolites and diverse phytochemicals responsible for a plethora of medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, and analgesic activities, making them essential for various industries. Therefore, this significant market demand has led to the need to improve the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites and thus develop high-quality commercial products. In this context, polyploidization is considered a sound contemporary approach that produces new genotypes, leading to the overexpression of genes involved in biosynthesizing crucial metabolites. Enhanced natural metabolite production increases the biological activities of plant extracts along with enhanced tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses to achieve homogeneity. This improvisation in the quality and quantity of plant secondary metabolites can maximize the medicinal value of the plants. Therefore, this mini-review aims to explore the importance of enhancing biological activity in medicinal plants, summarize the progress of synthetic polyploidization as a breeding tool in MAP species, and elucidate how this technique plays an important role in improving medicinal values. This breeding strategy could significantly advance future research and industrial applications by inducing superior genotypes with enhanced genomic complexity and improving traits like increased biomass, stress tolerance, and novel biochemical pathways. So, it can be concluded that in vitro synthetic polyploidization can be an effective tool for promoting the production of more distinctive genotypes with immense medicinal properties for a variety of commercial and pharmaceutical purposes.