Extended Addition Protocol and Efficient Voting Protocols Using Regular Polygon Cards
Abstract Card-based cryptography is a research field for realizing cryptographic protocols using a deck of physical cards. Shinagawa et al. proposed a regular n -sided polygon card, which can hold a value from 0 to $$n-1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and constructed an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/n\mathbb {Z}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and a voting protocol with v voters and c candidates when $$v<n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In this paper, we propose an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/mn\mathbb {Z}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using regular n -sided polygon cards. Technically, we introduce a cyclic integer encoding and a rot-and-shift shuffle to extend the modulus from n to mn . In addition, we construct two voting protocols with v voters and c candidates using regular n -sided polygon cards. Our first voting protocol requires $$c(\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil + v + 1)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌈</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>⌉</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> cards and $$v+1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shuffles without restriction. Our second voting protocol reduces the number of cards to $$\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil n + v + 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌈</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>⌉</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when $$v < n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$c\le n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> .
Authors
- Kazumasa Shinagawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5219-1975)
- Yoshihiro Takahashi
Institutions
- Ibaraki University (JP)
- Hitachi (Japan) (JP)
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JP)
Publication Details
- Journal
- New Generation Computing
- Published
- 2024-08-20
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-024-00275-0
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Cryptography and Data Security
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.69
Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology