Extended Addition Protocol and Efficient Voting Protocols Using Regular Polygon Cards

Abstract Card-based cryptography is a research field for realizing cryptographic protocols using a deck of physical cards. Shinagawa et al. proposed a regular n -sided polygon card, which can hold a value from 0 to $$n-1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and constructed an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/n\mathbb {Z}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and a voting protocol with v voters and c candidates when $$v&lt;n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In this paper, we propose an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/mn\mathbb {Z}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using regular n -sided polygon cards. Technically, we introduce a cyclic integer encoding and a rot-and-shift shuffle to extend the modulus from n to mn . In addition, we construct two voting protocols with v voters and c candidates using regular n -sided polygon cards. Our first voting protocol requires $$c(\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil + v + 1)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌈</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>⌉</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> cards and $$v+1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shuffles without restriction. Our second voting protocol reduces the number of cards to $$\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil n + v + 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌈</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>⌉</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when $$v &lt; n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$c\le n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

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Publication Details

Journal
New Generation Computing
Published
2024-08-20
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00354-024-00275-0
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Cryptography and Data Security
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.69

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article

Extended Addition Protocol and Efficient Voting Protocols Using Regular Polygon Cards

Kazumasa Shinagawa, Yoshihiro Takahashi
2 citations
New Generation Computing
Cryptography and Data Security
0.69
article

Extended Addition Protocol and Efficient Voting Protocols Using Regular Polygon Cards

Kazumasa Shinagawa, Yoshihiro Takahashi
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Abstract Card-based cryptography is a research field for realizing cryptographic protocols using a deck of physical cards. Shinagawa et al. proposed a regular n -sided polygon card, which can hold a value from 0 to $$n-1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and constructed an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/n\mathbb {Z}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and a voting protocol with v voters and c candidates when $$v&lt;n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In this paper, we propose an addition protocol over $$\mathbb {Z}/mn\mathbb {Z}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Z</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> using regular n -sided polygon cards. Technically, we introduce a cyclic integer encoding and a rot-and-shift shuffle to extend the modulus from n to mn . In addition, we construct two voting protocols with v voters and c candidates using regular n -sided polygon cards. Our first voting protocol requires $$c(\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil + v + 1)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌈</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>⌉</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> cards and $$v+1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shuffles without restriction. Our second voting protocol reduces the number of cards to $$\lceil \frac{v+1}{n} \rceil n + v + 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌈</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo>⌉</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> when $$v &lt; n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$c\le n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

New Generation ComputingVol. 42(3)
Ibaraki University (JP), Hitachi (Japan) (JP), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JP)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
Openalex Percentile: Top 25%
Cryptography and Data Security
0.69
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