Advancements in Newcastle Disease Vaccination: Evaluating Traditional and Thermostable Vaccines for Enhanced Control and Efficacy

Newcastle disease (ND) is a critical viral disease in poultry, affecting various avian species worldwide and causing substantial economic losses annually in commercial and backyard poultry operations. Despite its global prevalence, ND can be controlled through proper vaccination and biosecurity management. Over the past 60-65 years, both live attenuated and inactivated ND virus vaccines have been extensively used to mitigate the economic impact of ND. Although live vaccines demonstrate high efficacy against the disease, achieving comprehensive control of ND outbreaks and their financial consequences remains challenging. The primary limitation of most commercially available live vaccines is their heat sensitivity, necessitating a cold chain for quality maintenance, which poses difficulties in village conditions or remote areas of developing tropical countries. This review discusses various methods of ND vaccine administration, their efficacy, and immunogenicity, focusing on the efficacy and stability of thermostable ND vaccines. A thorough understanding of these factors is essential for the long-term control and eradication of ND.