Mantle Volatiles and Heat Contributions to the Cu-Pb-Zn Mineralization in the Baoshan Deposit, South China: Constraints from He and Ar Isotopes

The Baoshan deposit is one of the important Cu-Pb-Zn deposits associated with granitic rocks in the Nanling Range, South China. Here, we present He and Ar isotope data for the Baoshan deposit to decipher the contributions of mantle-derived volatiles and heat to its Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization. The ore-forming fluids in sphalerite and pyrite exhibited 3He/4He ratios up to 1.51 Ra. A linear correlation between He and Ar isotopes suggests that the ore-forming fluids were a mixture of a predominantly mantle-derived fluid with a high 3He/4He ratio and a shallow crustal fluid, characterized by a low 3He/4He ratio. The δ34S values of sulfides in the Baoshan deposit ranged from +2.30 to +5.21‰, consistent with the magma-derived sulfur. The calculated 3He/Q ratios for the ore-forming fluid exceeded those of mid-oceanic ridge hydrothermal solutions by 10 to 50 times, indicating that the ore-forming fluids acquired both heat and volatiles in a convective hydrothermal regime rather than a conductive one. Therefore, there is a significant contribution of mantle-derived volatiles, heat, and possibly metals, to the Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization in the Baoshan deposit, and the continuous influx of mantle-derived fluids/melts probably plays a crucial role during the Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization related to granitic rocks.