Biogenic Nanoparticles at the Forefront: Transforming Industrial Wastewater Treatment with TiO2 and Graphene

This review article comprehensively examines the potential of biosynthesized TiO2 and graphene nanoparticles in industrial wastewater treatment, highlighting their effectiveness, environmental benefits, and challenges. The review focuses on green synthesis methods, which enhance sustainability and reduce the toxicity of these nanoparticles while maintaining their high efficiency in degrading organic pollutants and adsorbing heavy metals across various industrial applications, including textile, pharmaceutical, chemical, and metal processing. The discussion also covers environmental and safety considerations, such as the toxicity of nanoparticles and the importance of recycling and reuse strategies to minimise their ecological impact. Additionally, the article addresses regulatory and ethical issues, emphasizing the need for robust frameworks to ensure the responsible use of nanotechnology. Future research directions are suggested, including improving biosynthesis methods and scaling up applications for broader industrial use. This review underscores the significant potential of biosynthesised TiO2 and graphene nanoparticles as sustainable and powerful tools for global environmental remediation.