Thermodynamic properties of a relativistic Bose gas under rigid rotation

We study the thermodynamic properties of a rigidly rotating relativistic Bose gas. First, we derive the solution of the equation of motion corresponding to a rotating complex Klein-Gordon field and determine the free propagator of this model utilizing the Fock-Schwinger proper-time method. Using this propagator, we then obtain the thermodynamic potential of this model in the zeroth and first perturbative level. In addition, we compute the nonperturbative ring contribution to this potential. Our focus is on the dependence of these expressions on the angular velocity, which effectively acts as a chemical potential. Using this thermodynamic potential, we calculate several quantities, including the pressure, angular momentum and entropy densities, heat capacity, speed of sound, and moment of inertia of this rigidly rotating Bose gas as functions of temperature (<a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mi>T</a:mi></a:math>), angular velocity (<c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><c:mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</c:mi></c:math>), and the coupling constant (<f:math xmlns:f="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><f:mi>α</f:mi></f:math>). We show that certain thermodynamic instabilities appear at high temperatures and large couplings. They are manifested as zero and negative values of the above quantities, particularly the moment of inertia and heat capacity. Zero moment of inertia leads to the phenomenon of supervorticity at certain <h:math xmlns:h="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><h:mi>T</h:mi></h:math> or <j:math xmlns:j="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><j:mi>α</j:mi></j:math>. Supervortical temperatures (couplings) decrease with increasing coupling (temperature). We also observe superluminal sound velocities at high <l:math xmlns:l="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><l:mi>T</l:mi></l:math> and for large <n:math xmlns:n="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><n:mi>α</n:mi></n:math>. Published by the American Physical Society 2024