Molecular Dynamics Simulation Combined with Neural Relationship Inference and Markov Model to Reveal the Relationship between Conformational Regulation and Bioluminescence Properties of Gaussia Luciferase

<i>Gaussia</i> luciferase (Gluc) is currently known as the smallest naturally secreted luciferase. Due to its small molecular size, high sensitivity, short half-life, and high secretion efficiency, it has become an ideal reporter gene and is widely used in monitoring promoter activity, studying protein-protein interactions, protein localization, high-throughput drug screening, and real-time monitoring of tumor occurrence and development. Although studies have shown that different Gluc mutations exhibit different bioluminescent properties, their mechanisms have not been further investigated. The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship between the conformational changes of Gluc mutants and their bioluminescent properties through molecular dynamics simulation combined with neural relationship inference (NRI) and Markov models. Our results indicate that, after binding to the luciferin coelenterazine (CTZ), the α-helices of the 109-119 residues of the Gluc Mutant2 (GlucM2, the flash-type mutant) are partially unraveled, while the α-helices of the same part of the Gluc Mutant1 (GlucM1, the glow-type mutant) are clearly formed. The results of Markov flux analysis indicate that the conformational differences between glow-type and flash-type mutants when combined with luciferin substrate CTZ mainly involve the helicity change of α7. The most representative conformation and active pocket distance analysis indicate that compared to the flash-type mutant GlucM2, the glow-type mutant GlucM1 has a higher degree of active site closure and tighter binding. In summary, we provide a theoretical basis for exploring the relationship between the conformational changes of Gluc mutants and their bioluminescent properties, which can serve as a reference for the modification and evolution of luciferases.