Effects of Intermittent and Chronic Hypoxia on Fish Size and Nutrient Metabolism in Tiger Puffer (Takifugu rubripes)

Intermittent and chronic hypoxia are common stresses to marine fish, but the different responses of fish to intermittent and chronic hypoxia have not been well-known. In this study, tiger puffers were farmed in normoxia conditions (NO, 6.5 ± 0.5 mg/L), intermittent hypoxia (IH, 6.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in the day and 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/L in the night), or choric hypoxia (CH, 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/L) conditions for 4 weeks, after which the growth, nutrient metabolism and three <i>hifα</i> isoforms expression were measured. Both intermittent and chronic hypoxia decreased the fish growth and visceral weight but increased the feed conversion ratio and blood hemoglobin content. Chronic hypoxia but not intermittent hypoxia promoted protein synthesis and whole-fish protein content by activating <i>mtor</i> gene expression and promoted the glycolysis pathway by activating gene expression of <i>hif1α</i> and <i>hif2α</i>. Intermittent hypoxia but not chronic hypoxia decreased the hepatic lipid synthesis by inhibiting <i>fasn</i> and <i>srebf1</i> gene expression. Meanwhile, intermittent hypoxia reduced the monounsaturated fatty acid content but increased the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage. The results of this study clarified the adaptive mechanism of tiger puffer to intermittent and chronic hypoxia, which provides important information about mechanisms of hypoxia adaption in fish.