Precisely Tailoring WSe₂ Polarity via van der Waals Bismuth–Gold Modulated Contact

Creating high-quality contacts between high-melting-point metals and delicate two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors poses a critical challenge to polarity control due to inevitable chemical disorder and Fermi-level pinning observed in the contact regions. Here, we report a van der Waals (vdW) integration strategy to precisely tailor the WSe₂ polarity by meticulously modulating metal contact compositions. Controlling the low-melting-point bismuth (Bi) thickness effectively modulates the Bi/Au dominant contact with WSe₂. This facilitates the precise polarity transformation between n-type, ambipolar, and p-type, with exceptional field-effect mobilities of 200 cm² V^-1 s^-1 for electrons and 136 cm² V^-1 s^-1 for holes. Within this vdW geometry, we further demonstrate the fundamental electrical components such as diodes and complementary inverters with enhanced rectification ratios and voltage gains. Our results showcase an effective and compatible with mass manufacturing method for precise polarity modulation of 2D semiconductors, providing a promising pathway toward large-scale high-performance 2D electronics and integrated circuits.