Observations of Low and Intermediate Spectral Peak Blazars with the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer
Abstract We present X-ray polarimetry observations from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) of three low spectral peak and one intermediate spectral peak blazars, namely 3C 273, 3C 279, 3C 454.3, and S5 0716+714. For none of these objects was IXPE able to detect X-ray polarization at the 3 σ level. However, we placed upper limits on the polarization degree at ∼10%–30%. The undetected polarizations favor models where the X-ray band is dominated by unpolarized photons upscattered by relativistic electrons in the jets of blazars, although hadronic models are not completely eliminated. We discuss the X-ray polarization upper limits in the context of our contemporaneous multiwavelength polarization campaigns.
Authors
- Niccolò Di Lalla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298)
- Fabian Kislat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-0380)
- Stylianos Romanopoulos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-2448)
- Hiroshi Akitaya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6156-238X)
- F. Massaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1704-9850)
- Alessandro Marchini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3779-6762)
- Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0110-6136)
- Juri Poutanen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-0049)
- R. Bonino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4264-1215)
- A. Brez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9460-1821)
- G. V. Panopoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7482-5759)
- Laura Di Gesu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5614-5028)
- Simonetta Puccetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2734-7835)
- Joana A. Kramer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3011-0454)
- Michal Dovčiak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0079-1239)
- Y. Evangelista (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-6710)
- S. Ciprini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-2479)
- Greg Madjeski
- Dawoon E. Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-3736)
- A. A. Vasilyev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8293-0214)
- Silvia Zane (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5326-880X)
- J. Masiero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-720X)
- M. Pilia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-8091)
- Allyn F. Tennant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-6774)
- Jeremy Heyl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9739-367X)
- Evangelos Kontopodis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8043-0986)
- Andrea Possenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-3731)
- Ioakeim G. Bourbah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-6154)
- Victor Doroshenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-1105)
- C. Husillos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8286-5443)
- Jacco Vink (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4708-4219)
- A. Sota (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-6952)
- Herman L. Marshall (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-1293)
- A. Kraus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4184-9372)
- Ioannis Liodakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9200-4006)
- А. В. Жовтан
- A. Berdyugin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-5164)
- Pouya M. Kouch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-2750)
- E. Costa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4925-8523)
- Garrett K. Keating (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3490-146X)
- F. Tavecchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0256-0995)
- E. Angelakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7327-5441)
- G. Matt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-0916)
- Sincheol Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0112-4836)
- Javier A. García (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-2448)
- Pierre-Olivier Petrucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-3480)
- Hiroshi Nagai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-3645)
- Svetlana G. Jorstad
- R. Kneißl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-006X)
- Alessandro Di Marco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-3259)
- P. Soffitta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-4104)
- Alberto Manfreda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-4953)
- W. H. Baumgartner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-0463)
- Alessandra De Rosa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5668-6863)
- D. Blinov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-5784)
- Takeshi Sakanoi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7146-9020)
- Kinwah Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7568-8765)
- M. Perri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-4409)
- Martin C. Weisskopf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-4240)
- M. Bernardos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8872-1168)
- Beatriz Agı́s-González (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-8931)
- Е. Г. Ларионова (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-6500)
- E. Del Monte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3013-6334)
- Antonio Hales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5073-2849)
- С. С. Савченко (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4147-3851)
- G. Spandre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-3453)
- Samaporn Tinyanont (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1481-4676)
- O. J. Roberts (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-9061)
- I. Myserlis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3025-9497)
- Fei Xie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0105-5826)
- Masato Kagitani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4115-7122)
- Raphael Skalidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2337-0277)
- George G. Pavlov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-5259)
- Roger W. Romani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-3286)
- I. Agudo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6182)
- M. Laurenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5762-6360)
- Francesco Tombesi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-8654)
- Ramprasad Rao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1407-7944)
- M. Pesce-Rollins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-8018)
- Seiji Kameno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-0063)
- Frédéric Marin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-0835)
- Patrick Slane (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6986-6756)
- D. A. Morozova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9407-7804)
- Toru Tamagawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8801-6263)
- Yuzuru Tawara
- Fiamma Capitanio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6384-3027)
- Steven R. Ehlert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4420-2838)
- Stephen L. O’Dell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-8056)
- Stephen D. Bongiorno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0901-2097)
- S. Maldera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-4421)
- C. Sgrò (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-6214)
- V. Karas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5760-0459)
- Hyeon‐Woo Jeong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7629-8450)
- John Rankin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-0560)
- Alessandro Papitto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-7413)
- F. J. Aceituno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8074-4760)
- A. Trois (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3180-6002)
- Vadim Kravtsov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7502-3173)
- Makoto Uemura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-7405)
- Sergey S. Tsygankov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9679-0793)
- Hugo Messias
- E. N. Kopatskaya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-337X)
- Maya García‐Comas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-4486)
- Riccardo Ferrazzoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-8605)
- W. Iwakiri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9010)
- Sang-Sung Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-594X)
- Fabio Muleri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-3794)
- N. Mandarakas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-2132)
- G. Bonnoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-9077)
- Brian D. Ramsey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1548-1524)
- E. Lindfors (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9155-6199)
- V. Casanova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2036-8999)
- Tsunefumi Mizuno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-0296)
- Ikuyuki Mitsuishi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9901-233X)
- Roberto Taverna (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-618X)
- Teruaki Enoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-3100)
- Dimitri Mawet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-4735)
- R. Bellazzini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-7063)
- Г. А. Борман (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-6710)
- E. Cavazzuti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-9638)
- Sergio Fabiani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-0283)
- Douglas A. Swartz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-4461)
- H. Krawczynski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-6507)
- Shuichi Gunji (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2445)
- Michela Negro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5622)
- Whee Yeon Cheong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1871-5824)
- Mahito Sasada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9960)
- C. Casadio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1117-2863)
- Jenni Jormanainen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-7751)
- Ryo Imazawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0643-7946)
- Y. Fukazawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-8837)
- Andrea Marinucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-4946)
- R. Middei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-9092)
- Mark Gurwell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-3621)
- L. Pacciani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-5996)
- Alan P. Marscher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-3332)
- Abel L. Peirson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6292-1911)
- Matteo Bachetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4576-9337)
- C. Oppedisano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6194-4601)
- Nicole Rodriguez Cavero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-0278)
- Simone Castellano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-4292)
- P. Kaaret (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-0637)
- L. Baldini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9785-7726)
- Ajay Ratheesh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-4243)
- N. Bucciantini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-1392)
- Koji S. Kawabata (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6099-9539)
- Fabio La Monaca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-4156)
- L. Latronico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0984-1856)
- Nicholas E. Thomas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-4606)
- I. Donnarumma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4700-4549)
- L. A. Antonelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-9034)
- S. Bianchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4622-4240)
- Anna Vervelaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-9724)
- Sebastian Kielhmann
- Efthalia Trainou
- Sang-Hyun Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7556-8504)
- Juan Escudero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-655X)
- Roberto Turolla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-8760)
- Matthew Dattolo
- N. Omodei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5448-7577)
- Tatsuya Nakaoka
- C.‐Y. Ng
- Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Takao Kitaguchi
- Chen-Ting Chen
Institutions
- University of Siena (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Boston University (US)
- Yamagata University (JP)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Tokyo Institute of Technology (JP)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Roma Tre University (IT)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Marshall Space Flight Center (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Universities Space Research Association (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Guangxi University (CN)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Chiba University (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (IT)
- University of New Hampshire (US)
- St Petersburg University (RU)
- Turku Centre for Computer Science (FI)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- Atacama Large Millimeter Submillimeter Array (CL)
- Special Astrophysical Observatory (RU)
- Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Astronomical Institute (CZ)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- Pulkovo Observatory (RU)
- Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (FR)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Pioneer (Japan) (JP)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- European Southern Observatory (CL)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (IT)
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES)
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (UA)
- University of Florence (IT)
- University College London (GB)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Chiba Institute of Technology (JP)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Korea University of Science and Technology (KR)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (GR)
- Université Grenoble Alpes (FR)
- Stanford University (US)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Published
- 2024-08-26
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5671
- Citations
- 14
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 9.23
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Smithsonian Institution
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Yale University
- California Institute of Technology
- Aarhus Universitet
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
- European Commission
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Academia Sinica
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- University of Crete
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
- Universitetet i Oslo
- Háskóli Íslands
- Turun Yliopisto
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Stockholms Universitet
- Junta de Andalucía
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
- Korea Research Environment Open Network
- Marshall Space Flight Center
- Goddard Space Flight Center
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences