Genetic and environmental impact on variation in the palatal dimensions in permanent dentition: a twin study

The objective of this study was to assess the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to variation in palatal parameters in twins with completed maxillary growth. The subjects of this study comprised digital dental casts of 50 monozygotic and 35 dizygotic twin pairs. The subjects' average age was 17.95 ± 2.83 years. Zygosity determination was carried out using 15 specific DNA markers and an amel fragment of the amelogenin gene. The interdental distances were measured between selected dental landmarks at the occlusal and gingival planes. The palatal height, surface area and volume were measured between the gingival plane and the midpalate suture. High heritability estimates were observed for all transverse intra-arch measurements. The palate height (a² = 0.8), dental arch width in the molar area (a² = 0.86), palatal surface area (a² = 0.61) and palate volume (a² = 0.69) were under strong additive genetic control. Moderate genetic dominance was observed for dental arch widths at the gingival line in the canine (d² = 0.5) and premolar regions (d² = 0.78-0.81). Sexual dimorphism was shown, with males exhibiting a greater arch width, palate surface area and volume than females (p < 0.01). The majority of palate parameters variation in twins was controlled by genetic effects, and most were highly heritable.