α’-martensite grading techniques in reverse flow forming of AISI 304L

Abstract. Manufacturing processes benefit from property control enabling reproducibility, application oriented outcomes, and efficient part production. In reverse flow forming, state of the art practices focus primarily on geometry control, neglecting property control. Given the intricacies of the process involving the interaction of tool and machine behavior, process parameters, properties of semi finished products and temperatures, incorporating process control becomes an imperative for producing components with predefined properties. The property controlled within this reverse flow forming process is the local α’ martensite content. Therefore, process strategies to actively influence the α’ martensite content must be implemented. In this study seamless AISI 304L steel tubes are used, where α’ martensite formation is strain and/or temperature induced through phase transformation within the process. This paper presents innovative process strategies, methods, and specially developed mechanical and thermal actuator systems to locally increase or suppress the α’ martensite content. The use and implementation of these approaches and tools allows the creation of unique optically invisible microstructure profiles containing 3D gradings, implying a radial grading of α’ martensite. The locally implemented α’ martensite, forming these 3D gradings, offers potential applications for functional or sensory purposes. This paper extends beyond theoretical concepts, providing tangible component outcomes.