Development and advanced applications of hepatobiliary tumor organoid models in drug response prediction

Hepatobiliary tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer, represent major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Due to the lack of early symptoms, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, missing the optimal treatment window. Additionally, the elevated heterogeneity of hepatobiliary tumors and limited responsiveness to traditional chemotherapy posit formidable treatment challenges. The organoid model represents an advanced in vitro approach that simulates the tumor microenvironment and biological characteristics, providing a platform more accurately mirrors physiological states for tumor research. Compared to traditional two-dimensional cell culture and animal models, organoid models more accurately reflect the biological characteristics of tumor cells, offering a high degree of individualization, and are well suited for large-scale screening and drug testing. This review outlines the development of hepatobiliary tumor organoid models and their advanced applications in drug response prediction. It explores the extensive applications and challenges of organoid models in simulating liver pathophysiological mechanisms, studying tumor development mechanisms, drug screening, and developing individualized treatment strategies. The goal is to offer novel insights and methods for precision medicine in hepatobiliary tumors.