Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection

The literature review is devoted to the characteristics of methods for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in various epidemiological and clinical situations. For many years, the tuberculin skin test (TST) has been used for these purposes. In the last decade, tests for assessing the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) with M. tuberculosis-specific antigens (ESAT6-CFP10) have become widespread. Recommendations for using these tests (and their combinations) are described. Currently, new skin tests (using the same antigens) have also been developed, which are used in practice (mainly in Russia). New in vitro tests have also been developed to determine other (except IFN-γ) interleukins, surface markers of T-lymphocytes, and microRNAs. Detection of an immune response against latent stage-specific M. tuberculosis (dormant) antigens should be optimal. Corresponding tests have been developed but have not yet found wide practical application.