Probabilistic Regional Liquefaction Hazard and Risk Analysis: A Case Study of Residential Buildings in Alameda, California

The impact of liquefaction on a regional scale is not well understood or modeled with traditional approaches. This paper presents a method to quantitatively assess liquefaction hazard and risk on a regional scale, accounting for uncertainties in soil properties, groundwater conditions, ground-shaking parameters, and empirical liquefaction potential index equations. The regional analysis is applied to a case study to calculate regional occurrence rates for the extent and severity of liquefaction and to quantify losses resulting from ground shaking and liquefaction damage to residential buildings. We present a regional-scale metric to quantify the extent and severity of liquefaction. A sensitivity analysis on epistemic uncertainty indicates that the two most important factors on output liquefaction maps are the empirical liquefaction equation, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating multiple equations in future regional studies, and the ground motion model, highlighting the same necessity for the peak ground acceleration input. Furthermore, the disaggregation of seismic sources reveals that triggering earthquakes for various extents of liquefaction originate from multiple sources, though primarily nearby faults and large magnitude ruptures. This finding indicates the value of adopting regional probabilistic analysis in future studies to capture the diverse sources and spatial distribution of liquefaction.