Green synthesis of Mn3O4@CoO nanocomposites using Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production and CO2 conversion

In response to the urgent need for sustainable environmental remediation technologies and clean energy production, this study introduces an eco-friendly synthesized Mn 3 O 4 @CoO nanocomposite (MCNC) leveraging the natural reducing capabilities of Rosmarinus officinalis leaves (L.) extract. Focused on the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO 2 methanation, our findings reveal significant enhancements in photocatalytic activity and CO 2 methanation efficiency. The MCNC exhibited a promising hydrogen production rate of up to 823 μmol g −1 h −1 and a CO 2 conversion efficiency exceeding 84 % under optimal conditions. The investigation highlights the synergistic interfacial effect between Mn 3 O 4 and CoO, contributing to notable performance improvements. Additionally, the study explores the role of catalyst quantity in optimizing reaction efficiencies, presenting a scalable and environmentally benign approach to address global energy and environmental challenges. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE%) was calculated to be 1.92, 2.39, 2.73, 3.21, 3.44, and 3.56 % for mass values of 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 mg, respectively. Furthermore, the CO 2 methanation also shows a rise with the increase in catalyst quantity. A mass of 0.35 mg achieved a remarkable CO 2 conversion efficiency of 71.9 %, while its 0.5 mg counterpart showcased an even more striking CO 2 conversion efficiency of 84.4 %. The green synthesis method, characterized by its low energy requirement and the absence of toxic chemicals, aligns with the sustainable practices sought in environmental chemistry and nanotechnology. This work not only opens new avenues for developing efficient photocatalysts but also contributes to the broader application of green synthesized nanomaterials in environmental remediation and clean energy generation. • Eco-friendly synthesis of Mn 3 O4@CoO nanocomposites using rosemary extract. • Significant boost in hydrogen production and CO 2 conversion efficiency. • Novel findings on the synergistic effect between Mn 3 O4 and CoO nanoparticles. • Scalable and green method aligns with sustainable environmental practices. • Promising approach for clean energy production and environmental remediation.