Exploring Obesity Treatment Potential of <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> Bioactive Fraction: A Multifaceted Investigation Combining <i>in vitro</i> , 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis Differentiation, and HPTLC–MS Techniques to Identify Lead Compounds

Background The rising incidence of obesity and its related health issues demand novel approaches prioritizing safety and effectiveness. In light of concern about the side effects of pharmaceutical therapies, research into alternative medicines has accelerated. Neolamarckia cadamba (NC), a tropical medicinal plant with a diverse phytochemical profile, presents a promising avenue for obesity management. Objectives The objective of this research was to evaluate the possible role of isolated fractions in mitigating obesity using antioxidant and enzyme inhibition studies. Additionally, the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis differentiation assay was utilized further to understand the effect of these fractions on adipocyte behavior. Furthermore, we used analytical techniques, high-performance thin-layer chromatography in conjugation with mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS), to evaluate the chemical characteristics of the bioactive fractions. Materials and Methods Cold maceration extraction followed by column chromatography was utilized to isolate the bioactive fraction which was subjected to meticulous phytochemical analysis as well as in vitro antioxidant assays. Enzyme inhibition assays were conducted to evaluate their impact on pancreatic lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-amylase followed by the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis study to assess adipocyte behavior. Finally, HPTLC–MS was utilized for chemical characterization. Results Fraction 1 demonstrated the most potent activity, also exhibited significant antioxidant potential, and effectively inhibited key enzymes involved in adipogenesis. In the 3T3-L1 cell line, the fraction notably reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including stigmasterol, gallic acid, quercetin, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and naringin. Conclusion The study underscores the potency of NC and offers a holistic approach to obesity management, providing a promising approach for the development of effective and safer therapeutic interventions.