Variation in vessel traits of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) provenances revealed high phenotypic plasticity to prevailing environmental conditions

Abstract Key message Red oak provenances responded with high plasticity and intra-annual variability in vessel traits to studied climatic conditions, indicating weak signals of local adaptation and providing opportunities for forest management. The climate change-induced increase in frequency and severity of extreme events has revealed a high vulnerability of various major tree species in Europe, stressing the need for selecting climate-resilient species for forest management. In this context, adaptive strategies of northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) were examined, using wood anatomical data derived from a provenance trial. We investigated the interannual variation in vessel traits of red oak provenances planted at three sites along a precipitation gradient in Germany. We compared the climate sensitivity of German provenances with those from North America to analyze plasticity and to identify signals of local adaptation in vessel traits. The results revealed variations in vessel traits between all sites, pointing to site-specific responses to prevailing environmental conditions. Differences between provenances were prevalent for vessel size-related traits, with site-specific higher values for German provenances at wet sites. Climate signals, which varied between traits, were strongest for vessel density and the relative conductive area. Vessel traits were found to depend both on previous-year conditions as and on spring climate conditions during the onset of vessel formation. The site-specific response in extreme years deviate significantly between drought and frost events. A trade-off between resistance to extremes and vessel diameter could not be demonstrated, and provenances with larger vessel diameters showed higher frost resistance. The observed high plasticity in vessel traits and the site-specific variation to climate influences point to an adjustment in vessel formation to the prevailing environmental conditions.