Addressing the microplastic crisis: A multifaceted approach to removal and regulation

• Microplastics’ (MPs) growing threat needs collaborative mitigation efforts. • The review identifies MP knowledge gaps, and proposes research priorities. • MP crisis requires regulatory, social, and technical solutions. • MP pollution needs a holistic governance, innovation, engagement. • Public education of global MP crisis and its impacts must not be overlooked. The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment poses a serious threat to both human health and ecosystems. MPs are small plastic particles that originate from various sources, such as textile fibers, cosmetics, and plastic debris. They can enter aquatic and terrestrial habitats through wastewater discharge and accumulate in the food chain. MPs can harm living organisms by causing physical damage, releasing toxic substances, and interfering with vital functions. Humans are primarily exposed to MPs through the ingestion of contaminated water and seafood. Various technologies, including advanced oxidation, bioremediation, coagulation, and membrane filtration, have been employed to remove MPs from wastewater. However, these methods are not entirely effective in eliminating them. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is necessary to address the issue, which includes improved waste management, biodegradable alternatives, product bans and taxes, upgrades to wastewater treatment plants, public education, and novel detection and removal methods in different sectors. However, there are still significant research gaps in assessing the ecological and human health impacts, enhancing the removal efficiency, and evaluating the sustainability of the proposed solutions across different exposure pathways. A global collaboration is necessary to urgently implement circular economy solutions to address the plastic pollution crisis.