Photovoltaic penetration potential in the Greek island of Ikaria

The operation of Distribution Networks (DNs) has been affected by the ongoing energy transition, gradually incorporating more Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), mainly Renewable Energy Sources (RES), as well as Energy Storage Systems (ESS) sustainably enhancing DN’s flexibility. In the case of the non-interconnected island of Ikaria, Greece, with high solar and wind potential, the DN includes conventional generators, Photovoltaic systems (PVs), wind farms and a hydro-pumped ESS. Scope of this study is to assess the possible impact of the PVs expansion considering either: i) fixed, ii) single-axis or iii) dual-axis tracking panels. For this purpose, CERTH’s in-house INTEMA.grid platform is used. Tracking mechanism’s effectiveness is studied considering that the expansion doubles or triples the rated power of the existing, fixed 0.4 MW PVs, following the directions of the Distribution System Operator (DSO). Additionally, a monthly analysis is presented, because Ikaria is an island with extremely higher load during summer months due to tourism. According to the results, if the current PV capacity is doubled or tripled, a dual-axis expansion yields 16.0% or 21.3% yearly production increase compared to fixed panels, respectively, with the single-axis effect though being much higher (14% or 18.7%, respectively) than the incremental effect of the second axis (further comparative 1.8% or 2.3%, respectively). The effectiveness of tracking mechanisms is highlighted during summer months and particularly early in the morning or late in the afternoon. Finally, environmental and economic indicators for the proposed installations are assessed.