Facile green synthesis of plant-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Moringa oleifera leaf and bark extract for targeting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in diabetes management

In recent years, nanoparticle synthesis innovations have focused on developing simple, cost-effective, non-toxic, and eco-friendly methods. This study investigates the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves (M L ) and bark (M B ) via the precipitation method. The synthesized SeNPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM analysis revealed the formation of approximately spherical particles with average sizes ranging from 10.47 nm to 28.5 nm for SeNPs synthesized with M L (SeNPsM L ) and 15.47 nm–32.83 nm for those with M B (SeNPsM B ). XRD analysis indicated that SeNPsM B were predominantly crystalline, while SeNPsM L were mainly amorphous with a few crystalline peaks. Morphological studies showed spherically shaped particles with a high degree of agglomeration, evenly distributed throughout the matrix. SeNPsM B exhibited higher dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to SeNPsM L , likely due to differences in nanoparticle size and form. These findings suggest that SeNPsM B may possess superior antidiabetic activity.