Investigation of bisphenol S (BPS) in packaged fish, meat, cheese, and price labels on their corresponding packages

As an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) has been used as an ink developer in thermal paper products including price labels on food packaging which have been suggested as the sources of BPS found at high levels in packaged fish samples. BPS in the printed price labels glued onto the outside of plastic film could migrate indirectly from the printed surface through the paper, adhesive and film into the food. In order to investigate if price labels could also be the sources of BPS detected in the meat samples in our previous studies, meat and other food samples packaged under different conditions were collected, and BPS in these samples together with the price labels on the corresponding packaging were extracted with solvent followed by solid phase extraction and stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS analysis. BPS was detected at very high levels (161.7-222.4 µg/cm²) in all the five sticker type of price labels, indicating BPS being the dominant if not the sole ink developer. BPS was also detected in all the 26 continuous roll type of price labels but at very low levels (0.017-18 ng/cm²), indicating that the dominant ink developer is likely one of the other alternatives, rather than BPS. Despite BPS being detected in all price labels on packaging of fish, meat, and cheese samples, BPS was not detected or detected in only a few fish, meat, and cheese samples at levels considerably lower than the current EU specific migration limit (SML) of 50 ng/g food for BPS authorised under Regulation (EU) 10/2011.