Biodegradation of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil: Insights into bacterial activities and bioremediation techniques

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a global threat in both developed and developing countries due to their adverse effects on various ecosystems. The low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, widely used in everyday life, are potential contaminants. Being highly volatile, they are often uptaken by plants and enter the food chain, necessitating an effective biodegradation system. Over the last decade, research has advanced significantly in the bacterial biodegradation of PAHs composed of more than three rings. This review focuses on the levels of PAH in soils worldwide and highlights the diverse bacterial communities found in these soils capable of degrading LMW-PAHs. It also elucidates the mechanisms of LMW-PAH degradation by bacteria. Various studies indicate that while individual bacteria contribute to PAH degradation, bacterial consortia promise better degradation efficiency. This review underscores the need for further research in bioremediation using bacterial networks and the development of methods targeting a wide range of LMW-PAHs. In conclusion, optimizing bacterial consortia and enhancing environmental conditions could significantly improve the biodegradation of LMW-PAHs, reducing their ecological and health impacts.