Quantitative geodiversity assessment in biodiversity investigations

Despite the growing recognition of geodiversity in recent years, it remains overshadowed by its biotic counterpart, biodiversity. The objective of this thesis is to narrow this gap by advancing the quantitative assessment of geodiversity within the context of biodiversity. The main objective is to provide a theoretical and methodological framework for the study of landscape-scale geodiversity in biodiversity investigations, with some insights for nature conservation. To achieve this goal, I will I) review the theory of the geodiversity–biodiversity relationship, II) empirically test the relationship in Finnish freshwater ecosystems, and III) provide data and methods for Europe-wide geodiversity and biodiversity studies. By employing quantitative geographical research methods inspired by ecological research traditions, I investigate the relationship between geodiversity and biodiversity across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Empirical investigations revealed positive correlations between geodiversity and vascular plant species richness in distinct studies conducted in Finland and Switzerland, across both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This aligns with the theoretical assumption that geodiversity fosters greater biodiversity. Moreover, the Europe-wide geodiversity data produced within the thesis provides ready-to-use variables for future biodiversity investigations across the continent and contributes to large-scale geodiversity assessment in general. In conclusion, I recommend further development of geodiversity assessment methods and the establishment of systematic frameworks for various research contexts. Such actions would facilitate the implementation of standardized and reproducible research practices, thereby helping to unlock geodiversity’s potential in biodiversity and conservation research and in practice. Integrating geodiversity systematically into conservation and policy making is essential to fully acknowledge its crucial role in shaping sustainable future. By broadening perspectives on natural diversity beyond biodiversity alone, this thesis seeks to enhance general understanding and appreciation of geodiversity.