Temperature-dependent electrical investigations and explication of the equivalent operational Warburg impedance by Bode and Nyquist plots of Yb³⁺ doped silicate glass

Abstract Multi-component silicate glass doped with Yb 3+ and synthesized by the sol–gel technique was subjected to broadband dielectric spectroscopy to determine the energy storage and electrode functionalities. Raman spectroscopy confirms the existence of the silicate and phosphate tetrahedra, with the structural alterations by the non-bridging oxygens to form a compact glass network. Bode and Nyquist impedance plots suggest the suitability of the glass as electrodes, whose functionality is simulated to a circuitry constituting two parallel combinations of a resistor and constant phase element each, and in series with Warburg diffusion impedance element ( W ). The glass evinces a high conductivity and corrosion resistance, suggestive of electrodes in batteries for energy storage. The inception of W on the low-frequency domain indicates significant space charge polarization, and augmented dielectric constants. The capacitance of 0.9 nF at 100 Hz demonstrates its potentiality for multi-layer dielectric substrates in radio frequency capacitors to enhance electrical energy storage.