Exploring the onset field strength of nanoscale electrospray: A detailed investigation

• Simulations show how geometry, solution environment and surface properties affect onset field intensity. • Enhancing hydrophilicity and surface charge density can reduce onset field strength by up to 50%. • Results aid in developing energy-efficient nanoscale electrospray systems. Electrospray, essential in nanoparticle synthesis, biomedical diagnostics, and drug delivery, relies on onset field strength, the minimum electric field needed for liquid ejection. Nanoscale electrospray, with nanometer-sized nozzles, offers precise control and efficiency. This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to examine factors affecting onset field strength, such as pore geometry, solution environment, and surface properties. Findings show that surface properties can alter onset field strength by up to 50%, with enhanced hydrophilicity and negative surface charges reducing the required field strength. These insights are crucial for optimizing nanoscale electrospray in various applications.