A Comprehensive Study on <i>Calophyllum inophyllum</i> Biodiesel and Dimethyl Carbonate Blends: Performance Optimization and Emission Control in Diesel Engines

The rising fuel demand, driven by expanding logistical infrastructure, transportation sector growth, and the need for faster transport modes, has led to significant urban sprawl and vehicle emissions, posing serious threats to air quality and human health. Chronic exposure to vehicle emissions is linked to severe health issues such as lung cancer, asthma, cardio-respiratory problems, hypersensitivity, and hypertension. In response, the quest for alternative fuels from renewable resources, particularly biodiesel, has gained momentum. Biodiesel, derived from waste seed oil, animal fat, and vegetable oil, presents a promising substitute for traditional diesel fuel. This study investigates the effects of bl enhances diesel with up to 20% Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), an oxygenated additive, to enhance ignition properties. Engine performance and emissions were assessed under standard operational conditions. Results indicated that pure biodiesel achieved a maximum cylinder pressure 1.73% higher than diesel. Increasing DMC content in the biodiesel blend resulted in a 21.54% higher Heat Release Rate (HRR) and a 17.75% improvement in brake thermal efficiency compared to pure biodiesel at higher loads. However, the higher DMC blend also increased NOx emissions by 4.2% while significantly reducing smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 32.5%, 36.36%, and 35.65% respectively, compared to diesel at maximum load.