The Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill: A case study in transformative constitutionalism beyond the courts

The Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill (BELA Bill) is one of the most significant reforms to the South African basic education legal framework since 1994. While the amendments impact on a wide range of issues, this article focuses specifically on the BELA Bill's amendments to the policy-making functions of the localised structures in education governance, known as school governing bodies (SGBs), in particular, changes to the unchecked autonomy the SGBs in making language and admission policies for schools. The article notes that the model of education decentralisation that was adopted in post-1994 democratic South African has been highly contested. This manifested during the country's 1994 negotiated transition, continued in the school governance litigation and in the BELA Bill public participation processes. The article argues that the jurisprudence emanating from school governance litigation acknowledges the history of racism and apartheid spatial injustice that has had the effect of limiting access to well-resourced schools for black people in South Africa. The South African Constitutional Court, therefore, placed a duty on SGBs when formulating policies to be cognisant of the broader systemic concerns in education impacting on the access rights of learners. The jurisprudence has now been codified into law in the school governance reforms in the BELA Bill. The article illustrates how the formulation of school governance principles, and their ultimate inclusion in the BELA Bill, exists as a case study in transformative constitutionalism beyond the courts. This is due to a range of contributing factors, such as the interventions of progressive amici in these cases; a degree of judicial activism displayed by the Constitutional Court in the school governance litigation; the proactive codification by the state of the jurisprudential principles; and the progressive support for the inclusion of the school governance amendments in the BELA Bill during the public participation processes.