Navigation safety of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) present numerous advantages that can address various social issues associated with maritime transportation. To advance the realisation of MASS, institutional studies and demonstration tests are being conducted in multiple countries. The introduction of new technologies and systems in MASS will automate many tasks traditionally performed by seafarers, requiring proof that these innovations provide security and reliability on par with or superior to conventional vessels. Given that most vessels are used commercially, MASS must garner user support and demonstrate profitability. This study employs a systematic review methodology to examine the progress of MASS research, identifying its benefits and the challenges to ensure the safety of MASS operations. Additionally, the study assesses the impacts of MASS on various domains, including the economy, employment, vessel operations, cybersecurity, search and rescue, and human resource development. The necessary actions for the successful implementation of MASS are also outlined. This study proposes several key considerations for the safe navigation of MASS. Firstly, practical operations incorporating business aspects must be envisioned. Secondly, MASS should be equipped with automated facilities for accident response. Lastly, the roles and responsibilities of both human operators and automated systems must be clearly defined.