A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Effects of Moderate Physical Activity on Health, Metabolic, and Physiological Parameters in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Study

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM), especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a serious worldwide health concern that is becoming more common and often develops at a young age, particularly in developing countries. Given the increasing incidence of diabetes in India, efficient management techniques are advantageous. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of physical activity on body measurements, biochemical markers, and clinical outcomes in Indian individuals with T2DM. Methodology Utilizing a universal sampling approach, a longitudinal interventional study was performed with T2DM patients at a metropolitan health and training facility over an eight-month duration. Over the course of six months, they were told to walk briskly for 2.5 hours each week. Initial and follow-up evaluations included monitoring arterial pressure, body mass, abdominal circumference, and glucose concentrations. During monthly follow-ups, participants self-reported their compliance. Results The study of 210 participants shows a diverse age distribution with the majority in the 35-54 years range and a higher number of females (56.19%) compared to males (43.81%). Most were Hindu (77.6%), with varying education levels and a predominance of unemployment (69.5%) and marital status (91.0% married). Post-exercise, significant improvements were observed in fasting blood glucose (160.45 to 140.20 mg/dL; p = 0.004), postprandial blood glucose (270.35 to 240.55 mg/dL; p = 0.002), body weight (70.00 to 66.50 kg; p = 0.03), and waist circumference (95.00 to 90.50 cm; p = 0.01). Conclusion The outcomes of this prolonged study reveal that along with promoting weight reduction in T2DM patients, regular engagement in moderate exercise can substantially improve both fasting and post-meal blood glucose levels.