The new and complete Belle II DEPFET pixel detector: Commissioning and previous operational experience
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider in Tsukuba, Japan, has collected e + e − collision data between 2019 and 2022. After reaching a record-breaking instantaneous luminosity of 4.71 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 and recording a dataset corresponding to 424 fb -1 , it completed its first planned long shutdown phase in December 2023. Aside from upgrades of the collider and detector maintenance, the shutdown was used for the installation of the two-layer Pixel VerteX Detector (PXD). As the innermost sub-detector, multiple scattering effects need to be reduced. PXD utilizes the Depleted P-channel Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) technology, allowing for a material budget of 0.21% X 0 per layer. Each of the tracker’s 40 modules consists of an array of 250 × 768 pixels with a pitch ranging from 50 µm × 55 µm for the inner to 85 µm × 55 µm for the outer layer yielding high gain and high signal-to-noise ratio while retaining about 99% hit efficiency. This article discusses the experience of the 4-year operation of the previous single-layer PXD in harsh background conditions as well as commissioning and testing of the fully-populated PXD2 during Long Shutdown 1.
Authors
- J. Schmitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-8124)
- M. Graf-Schreiber
- Murtaza Ali Khan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3442-8019)
- C. Niebuhr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-9741)
- M. Krein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2052-4704)
- M. Reif
- Dmitry Meleshko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7398-9820)
- A. Baur (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3292)
- Z. Doležal
- T. Bilka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1449-6986)
- S. Stefkova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-530X)
- Thomas Lück
- C. Sfienti
- B. Paschen
- J. Kehl
- P. Ahlburg
- M. Schwickardi
- Christian Koffmane
- A. E. Bolz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-9223)
- B. Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6136-6952)
- N. Wermes
- J. Bilk
- R. Richter
- J. Ninković
- D. Pitzl
- B. Schwenker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7120-3732)
- L. Cao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8332-5668)
- Rajendra S. Dhayal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3157-1047)
- P. Leitl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1336-9558)
- V. Babu
- Q. Liu
- Masashi Takahashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-576X)
- C. Mariñas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1903-3251)
- J. Dingfelder
- Richárd Farkas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7019-2632)
- B. Spruck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3060-2729)
- P. Kvasnička (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-0648)
- Youkyung Han (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6586-8503)
- C. Kiesling
- Z. Gruberova
- S. Reiter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-9954)
- F. Becherer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-4616)
- H. Krüger
- J. Skorupa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8566-621X)
- L. Andricek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-4475)
- P. Kodyš
- A. Frey
- J.S. Lange
- F. Bernlochner
- K. Gadow
- H. G. Moser
- R. Žlebčík
- M. Hoek
- W. Kühn
- R. Stever
- G. Giakoustidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-0128)
Institutions
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- Charles University (CZ)
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE)
- Halbleiterlabor of the Max-Planck-Society (DE)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
- Published
- 2024-08-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2024.169763
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Particle Detector Development and Performance
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.66