Protocols for x-ray transient grating pump/optical probe experiments at x-ray free electron lasers
Abstract Transient grating spectroscopy is a specialized application of the four-wave-mixing methodology and constitutes a versatile technique for investigating the dynamics of vibrational, magnetic and electronic degrees of freedom of matter in a background-free fashion. Recent developments in free-electron laser sources have enabled the extension of this technique into the extreme ultraviolet range. Ongoing efforts to expand transient grating spectroscopy into the x-ray regime promise numerous advantages: (1) substantial penetration depths that allow for probing bulk material properties, (2) element specificity via specific core-excited states, and (3) short wavelengths that allow for excitation gratings with higher momentum transfer and improved spatial resolution. In this study, we comprehensively outline the procedures for conducting x-ray transient grating pump/optical probe experiment. The process encompasses the design and alignment of the experimental setup, as well as the subsequent steps involved in data acquisition and analysis. This paper is intended as a comprehensive guide for researchers interested in implementing x-ray transient grating spectroscopy, providing valuable insights into the intricacies of the experimental workflow required for this novel technique. Furthermore, we discuss the potential for extending this methodology to an x-ray pump/x-ray probe scheme, envisioning a future direction that holds promise for enhancing the capabilities and scope of x-ray transient grating spectroscopy, opening new opportunities for studying ultrafast processes with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolutions.
Authors
- Danny Fainozzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-8324)
- G. Rossi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-1306)
- Robin Y. Engel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-241X)
- Fernando Ardana‐Lamas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-5051)
- Carles Serrat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-1938)
- Renato Torre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-9906)
- Christian Dávid (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-1265)
- Cristian Svetina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-4426)
- Keith A. Nelson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7804-5418)
- Filippo Bencivenga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3929-5101)
- Paul Frankenberger
- Anders Madsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6594-1029)
- Martin Knoll
- Marta Brioschi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5947-8557)
- Andrea Cannizzo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2325-0112)
- A. A. Maznev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-9900)
- Peter Zalden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8530-0576)
- Markus Scholz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-9912)
- Talgat Mamyrbayev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-1189)
- Martin Beye (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3924-2993)
- Majed Chergui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-226X)
- Riccardo Mincigrucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-6256)
- Thomas Feurer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0281-0176)
- Joan Vila‐Comamala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1543-3146)
- Eugenio Ferrari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-5984)
- Stefano Bonetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9352-2411)
- Jakub Szlachetko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7526-3097)
- Matias Bargheer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0952-6602)
- Alessandro Gessini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5325-4029)
- Siti Heder
- Riccardo Cucini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-1409)
- Mykola Biednov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-155X)
- Ettore Paltanin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8490-5884)
- Frederico A. Lima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-2892)
- Xu Han (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-1386)
- U. Staub (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-3367)
- Pietro Carrara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1937-7591)
- Wojciech Gawełda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7824-9197)
- Luis Bañares (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0777-2375)
- Christopher J. Milne (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4714-9139)
- C. Masciovecchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-3522)
- Nupur N. Khatu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4970-0549)
- Mano R Dhanalakshmi-Veeraraj
- Nadia Berndt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9688-117X)
- Xin‐Chao Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-6369)
Institutions
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (ES)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice (IT)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Milan (IT)
- AREA Science Park (IT)
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE)
- Paul Scherrer Institute (CH)
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. (IT)
- Nello Carrara Institute of Applied Physics (IT)
- National Institute of Optics (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (DE)
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics
- Published
- 2024-08-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ad717f
- Citations
- 3
- Primary Topic
- Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.82
Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy
- European Commission
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Paul Scherrer Institut
- Office of Science
- European Research Council
- Basic Energy Sciences
- HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions