Simulating water-limited potato yields across the Netherlands with (SWAP-)WOFOST: Experimentation, model improvement and evaluation

Water availability explains a large part of the spatial and temporal yield variability of ware potato in the Netherlands. Climate change is projected to lead to greater variability in water availability. Therefore, an accurate simulation of crop yield as a function of water availability is of high importance. Many crop models can simulate water-limited potato yields, but as detailed experimental data on drought and oxygen stress are scarce, models are often not well calibrated and evaluated. We set up a large experiment and an on-farm observational trial to calibrate and evaluate the simulation of water-limited yield of different potato cultivars across the Netherlands. In addition, we investigated the required model complexity to accurately simulate water-limited potato yields. The crop growth model WOFOST was used for simulations either as a single model or coupled with SWAP. Yields were simulated applying either only drought stress or by including both drought and oxygen stress. We employed two methods for simulating oxygen stress in SWAP-WOFOST. The calibration improved accuracy of simulated water-limited yields as demonstrated in our model evaluation. Both on sandy and clayey soils, water-limited yields were best simulated using SWAP-WOFOST while simulating oxygen stress using a process-based method in combination with a rooting density that decreases linearly with rooting depth. On sandy soils, the bottom boundary condition of free drainage was applicable. On clayey soils measured groundwater levels (or soil water pressure heads when measurements are not available) should be used as bottom boundary condition. On sandy soils both WOFOST and SWAP-WOFOST may be used, as results were similar. On clayey soils, WOFOST is less suitable, as it cannot simulate capillary rise. SWAP-WOFOST however has many options and parameters, which can result in large differences in results. Hence, a careful model set up and evaluation is required for each application. • The models WOFOST and SWAP-WOFOST have been recalibrated for water-limited potato yields. • On clayey soils with shallow groundwater levels SWAP-WOFOST outperformed WOFOST. • On clayey soils there seemed to be an effect of oxygen stress on yield. • Effects of oxygen stress were smallest in WOFOST, and largest in SWAP-WOFOST using a process-based method. • On sandy soils there was an inconsistent benefit of using SWAP-WOFOST over WOFOST.