Developments in Bioelectrocatalysis Using Rationally Designed Enzyme Electrode Materials

Enzyme electrodes, which integrate enzymatic and electrode reactions, are essential components in electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells. Specific materials are necessary to achieve efficient electron transfer (ET) between the enzyme and electrode in these devices. This review focuses on several key developments of materials in the field of enzyme electrode. First, it explores the development of redox mediators, which facilitate ET between the enzyme and electrode. Next, the co-immobilization of enzymes and redox mediators on electrode surfaces for enhancing their stability and efficiency is discussed. The use of porous carbon materials, which provide a large surface area for enzyme immobilization and thus improve the bioelectrocatalytic performance, is then reviewed. Finally, the influence of concentrated salts on the enzyme electrode reactions, potentially affecting their interactions among enzyme, mediator, and water, is explored. By examining these advancements, the review highlights the progress and future potential in the development of high-performance enzyme electrodes for various applications.