Variable damping energy regenerative damper for self-powered sensors and self-sensing devices in smart electric buses

Abstract In recent years, the increasing adoption of electric buses (EBs) worldwide has contributed significantly to reducing environmental pollution. Nevertheless, the most challenging obstacle hindering the efficiency of EBs is their power supply. In this study, a multi-purpose variable damping energy regenerative damper (VD-ERD) using a double coaxial slotted link motion conversion mechanism was proposed for health monitoring of the EBs suspension system, tunning the damping during the operation on different road conditions while providing electric energy for self-powered sensors in EBs. The VD-ERD consists of two identical generators; one is connected to optimal constant resistance for maximum energy harvesting, and the other is linked to adjustable resistance for fine-tuning the damping. Consequently, both generators connect to a rectifier and storage circuits. Furthermore, VD-ERD was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate its performance in damping and energy harvesting in different road excitations. The VD-ERD achieved an 11.59 W peak and 1.84 W RMS power at 50 km h −1 on an ISO class A road and a 36.38 W peak and 6.34 W RMS power on an ISO class B road. In addition, the experimental finding indicated that controlling the external resistance is capable of tuning the damping. Simultaneously, the prototype achieved a peak power output of 10.29 W at 12 mm and 3 Hz. Furthermore, the voltage signals received from the generators were analyzed using a deep learning model to monitor the condition of the suspension system in four different modes, namely slow, medium, fast, and failure; the result shows 99.37% training accuracy. Feasibility analysis and performance testing showed that VD-ERD provides sufficient power to 10 sensors, indicating that it can power the self-powered and self-sensing devices of EBs.