Rebels for a reason: How psychological reactance is goal-directed.

This article responds to calls for more theorizing on the motivational processes that underpin reactance phenomena. We introduce goal systems theory to psychological reactance theory and demonstrate why reactance can be considered goal-directed behavior. In particular, the counterfinality principle of goal systems theory offers a unique process explanation of why eliminated or threatened choice options are more attractive. A goal systems perspective on reactance phenomena allows for the identification of psychological needs that underpin reactance. We discuss how reactance can be circumvented by addressing superordinate, autonomy-related needs—namely, by providing alternative means to desired end states.