Nano-armor modification of bacteria through supramolecular interactions for disease treatment

Research on nano-armored bacterial materials (NABM) has attracted considerable attention because of their ability to exert synergistic effects on bacteria and nanomaterials through rational material design. Currently, the predominant methods for preparing NABM involve covalent interactions, supramolecular interactions, and physical encapsulation. Among these mechanisms, supramolecular interaction-based NABM presents remarkable advantages, including mild reaction conditions, reversibility, and exceptional selectivity. In this review, we systematically introduce various NABM based on supramolecular interactions, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, host-guest interactions, and streptavidin-biotin interactions. Additionally, we summarize the biomedical applications of these composite materials in tumor therapy and inflammatory bowel disease and others. Finally, we discuss the prospects for clinical applications and the challenges in the future development of supramolecular interaction-based NABM. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the construction methods and biomedical applications of NABM utilizing supramolecular interactions. This study provides significant reference value for the development of next-generation bioactive materials.