Flow Activation Energy of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Solutions and Protein–Protein Interactions Influenced by NaCl and Sucrose

The solution viscosity and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) as a function of temperature (4-40 °C) were measured at a series of protein concentrations for a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with different formulation conditions, which include NaCl and sucrose. The flow activation energy (<i>E</i>_η) was extracted from the temperature dependence of solution viscosity using the Arrhenius equation. PPIs were quantified via the protein diffusion interaction parameter (<i>k</i>_D) measured by dynamic light scattering, together with the osmotic second virial coefficient and the structure factor obtained through small-angle X-ray scattering. Both viscosity and PPIs were found to vary with the formulation conditions. Adding NaCl introduces an attractive interaction but leads to a significant reduction in the viscosity. However, adding sucrose enhances an overall repulsive effect and leads to a slight decrease in viscosity. Thus, the averaged (attractive or repulsive) PPI information is not a good indicator of viscosity at high protein concentrations for the mAb studied here. Instead, a correlation based on the temperature dependence of viscosity (i.e., <i>E</i>_η) and the temperature sensitivity in PPIs was observed for this specific mAb. When <i>k</i>_D is more sensitive to the temperature variation, it corresponds to a larger value of <i>E</i>_η and thus a higher viscosity in concentrated protein solutions. When <i>k</i>_D is less sensitive to temperature change, it corresponds to a smaller value of <i>E</i>_η and thus a lower viscosity at high protein concentrations. Rather than the absolute value of PPIs at a given temperature, our results show that the temperature sensitivity of PPIs may be a more useful metric for predicting issues with high viscosity of concentrated solutions. In addition, we also demonstrate that caution is required in choosing a proper protein concentration range to extract <i>k</i>_D. In some excipient conditions studied here, the appropriate protein concentration range needs to be less than 4 mg/mL, remarkably lower than the typical concentration range used in the literature.